Part I:

Certain botanic terms referred to in the text and Part II of this Appendix are explained below:

A "tree" is any woody plant with one trunk rising out of the earth and root system, from which branches then spring, usually at some distance from the earth. A tree may be deciduous or coniferous.

A "shrub" is a woody plant that has one or more trunks rising from the same root system instead of a single trunk. These trunks or stems may or may not branch at some distance from the earth. A shrub may be deciduous or coniferous.

A "herb" is a non-woody plant with a fleshy stem which dies back to the earth level at the end of the growing season. It may be annual, biennial, or perennial.

A "vine" is a woody plant whose trunk or stem must be supported by the general environment or other plants. It is unable to stand on its own.

A "grass" is a family of herbaceous plants, rarely woody, with hollow round stems.

An "annual" is a plant which completes its life cycle in the space of one growing season, that is, it goes from seed to full plant and flower and sets seed in a single season.

A "biannual" is a plant which requires two years to grow from seed to mature plant capable of producing seed and then dies.

A "perennial" is a plant which lives more than one or two years and usually produces seeds for more than a few years.

A "fern" is a perennial, flowerless plant which reproduces by spores.

An "association" is a grouping of many plant species over a wide area sharing a common habitat and similar geographic conditions.

A "community" is a series of plants, animals, algae, fungi, grasses, trees, shrubs, herbs and other life forms which characteristically grow and live together in harmony, creating a balanced biological environment.

Part II:

Description of Natural Features defined in Section 105-10 (NATURAL FEATURES):

(a)        Geologic features

(1)        Rock outcrop

A rock outcrop shows the type of rock underlying the area, the results of surface abrasion by glacier, waterborne or windborne matter, or the results of chemical or temperature weathering.

(2)        Geologic deposits

Geologic deposits include:

Soils of different origins such as loess and mineral deposits such as artinite, garnets, zircon, topaz, beryl, tourmaline, algite, tremolite, serpentine, muscovite, amethyst, peridot, jadeite, geodes and other elements of the Precambrian, Odovician, Triassic, Cretaceous, Pleistocene and Holocene geology found in New York City.

An erratic boulder is a relatively large mass of rock which has been moved significant distances from its parent rock to be left amidst a geologic area which has a different history and origin than the parent.

(b)        Topographic features

(1)        Steep slope

A steep slope includes ground formation with sharp inclines such as hills and palisades.

(2)        Existing natural topography

Existing natural topography includes terrain other than steep slope areas.

(3)        Topsoil

Topsoil includes all of the A horizon, specifically, from top to bottom: the A1 litter layer where organic material, such as leaves and animal matter accumulate; the A2 fermentation layer where organic material is decomposed by fermentation, fungi, bacteria and soil organisms; the A3 humic layer where humus, resulting from the decomposition process, lies; and the B1 mixing layer where the humic substances become mixed with mineral matter.

(c)        Aquatic features

(1)        Laminarian zone

(i)        Rock bottom

Characteristic plants:

Green algae:

Chaetomorphia melagonium

Cladaphora gracilis

Codium fragile

Brown algae:

Asophyllum nodosum

Sargassum filipendula

Agarum cribrosum

Red algae:

Rhodymenia palmata (Dulse)

Ceramium robrum

Ahnfeltia plicata

Polysiphonia lanosa

Seirospora griffithsiana

Callithamnion corymbosum

Characteristic animals:

Diadumene leucolena - Pallid sea anemone

Ceriantheopsis americanus - Worm sea anemone

Astrangia danae - Star coral

Crisia denticulata - Fringed moss animal

Bugula turrita - Turreted moss animal

Membranipora monostachys - Sea mat

Lepas fasticularis - Northern sea barnacle

Balanus balanoides - Rock barnacle

Littorina littorea - Common periwinkle

Littorina obtusata - Smooth periwinkle

Littorina irrorata - Salt marsh periwinkle

Crepidula fornicata - Common boatshell

Polinices dublicatus - Shark eye

Urosalpinx cinera - Oyster drill

Mytilus edulus - Blue mussel

Modiolus demissus - Ribbed mussel

Crassostrea virginica - Virginia oyster

Petricola pholadiformis - False angelwing

(ii)        Mud or sand bottom

Characteristic plants:

Green algae:

Chaetomorphia melagonium

Cladophroa gracillis

Brown algae:

Sargassum filipendula

Laminaria agardhi

Agarum cribosum

Red algae:

Rhodymenia palmata (Dulse)

Cystoclonium purpureum

Ahnefeltia plicata

Polysiphonia lanosa

Seirospora griffithsiana

Callithamnion corymbosum

Characteristic animals:

Ceriantheopsis americanus - Worm sea anemone

Littorina littorea - Common periwinkle

Littorina obtusata - Smooth periwinkle

Littorina irrorata - Salt march periwinkle

Crepidula fornicata - Common boatshell

Polinices dublicatus - Shark eye

Lunatia heros - Common moonshell

Mytilus edulus - Blue mussel

Modiolus demissus - Ribbed mussel

Nucula proxima - Atlantic nut clam

Aequipecten irradians - Bay scallop

Mercenaria mercenaria - Northern quahog

Macome baltica - Baltic macoma

Tagelus plebius - Stout razor

Mya arenaria - Soft shell clam

Corbulua contracta - Common basket clam

(2)        Beach

Characteristic saltwater beach animals:

Beach flea:

Orchestia agilis

Talitrus longicornis

Sandworms or Bristleworms:

Nereis virens

Nereis limbata

Nephthys picata

Arabella opalina

Lumbriconereis tenuis

Glycera americana

Nerine agilis

Cirratulus grandis

Cistenides gouldii

Clymenella torquata

Maldane elongate

Ghost shrimp:

Penaeus brasiliensis

Laldemonetes vulgaris

Crangon vulgaris

Ghost crab, Horseshoe crab, Green crab:

Ocypoda arenaria

Limulus polyphemus

Carcindes moenas

Blue crab:

Callinectes sapidus

Callinectes hastatus

Lady crab,Sand crab,Rock crab:

Ovalipes ocellatus

Platyonichus ocellatus

Cancer irroratus

Fiddler crabs:

UCA minax

Gelasimus minax

UCA pubnax

Gelasimus pugnax

UCA pugilator

Gelasimus pugilator

Pinnotheres maculatum - Oyster crab

Venus mercenenia - Hardshell clam

Mya arenaria - Softshell clam

Enis directus - Razor clam

Tagelus gibbus - Clam

Psilaster florae - Starfish

Amphiura squamata - Brittlestars

Echinarachncus parma - Sand dollar

Snails:

Haminae solitaria

Scala lineata

Scala multistriata

Polynices heros

Polynices triseriata

Polynices duplicata

Crepidula fornicata

Crepidula plana

Littorina littorea (Periwinkle)

Urosalpinx linera (Oyster drill)

Eupleura caudata

Columbella avara

Columbella similis

Columbella anachis

Columbella astyris

Columbella lunata

Nassa trivittata

Nassa obsoleta

(3)        Tidal wetland or saltwater littoral zone

(i)        Rock bottom

Characteristic plants:

Blue-green algae:

Callothrix spp.

Rivularia atra

Green algae:

Ulothrix flacca

Enteromorpha intestinalis

Ulva lactuca (Sea lettuce)

Monostroma oxyspermum

Codium fragile

Brown algae:

Fucus vesiculosus

Fucus vesiculosus var spiralis

Fucus spiralis

Ascophyllum nodosum

Red algae:

Hildenbrandia prototypus

Agardhiella tenera

Chrondrus crispus (Irish moss)

Bangia fuscopurpurea

Porhyra umbilicalis

Ceratium rubrum

Ahnfeltia plicata

Polysiphonis lanosa

Scirospora griffithsiana

Callithamnion corymbosum

Characteristic animals:

Lepas fascicularis - Northern sea barnacle

Balanus balanoides - Rock barnacle

Littorina littorea - Common periwinkle

Littorina obtusata - Smooth periwinkle

Littorina saxatilis - Rough periwinkle

Littorina irrorata - Salt marsh periwinkle

Crepidula fornicata - Common boatshell

(ii)        Mud or sand bottom

Characteric plants:

Blue-green algae:

Callothrix spp.

Lyngbya majuscula

Rivularia atra (Mermaids hair)

Rhizoslonium fragile

Green algae:

Enteromorpha linza

Ulva lactuca (Sea lettuce)

Monostroma oxyspermum

Codium fragile

Red Algae:

Chrondrus crispis (Irish moss)

Bangia fuscopurpurea

Porhyra umbilicalis

Ceramium rubrum

Ahnfeltia plicata

Polysiphonia lanosa

Scirospora griffithsiana

Callithamnion corymbosum

Bacchairs halmilifolio - Groundseltree

Distichlis spicata - Alkali grass

Hybiscus palustris - Marsh mallow

Iva fructescens - Marsh elder

Juncus gerardi - Black grass

Limonium carolinianum - Sea lavender

Phragmites communis - Reed

Ruppia maritima - Wigdeon grass

Salicornia spp. - Perennial saltwart

Spartina alternifolia - Smooth cordgrass

Spartina cynosuroides - Salt reedgrass

Spartina patens - Salt hay

Spartina pectinata - Freshwater cordgrass

Zostera pectinata – Eelgrass

Characteristic animals:

Ceriantheopsis americanus - Worm sea anemone

Littorina littorea - Common periwinkle

Littorina saxatilis - Rough periwinkle

Littorina littorea - Salt marsh periwinkle

(4)        Swamp

Characteristic plants:

Acer rubrum - Red maple

Acer - Silver maple

Alnus spp. - Alder

Arisaema triphyllum - Jack in the pulpit

Cephalanthus occidentalis - Buttonbush

Cornus florida - Dogwood

Epilobium hirsutum - Willowherb

Hibiscus moscheutus - Rosemallow

Salix spp. - Willow

Smilax glauca - Catbrier

Smilax rotundifolia - Bulbrier

Quercus palustris - Pin oak

(5)        Marsh

Characteristic plants:

Acnida - Waterhemp

Acorus calamus - Sweetflag

Cyperus spp. - Chufa

Echinochola - Wild millets

Eleocharis - Spikerushes

Impatiens pallida - Jewelweed

Leersia orysoides - Rise cutgrass

Phragmites communis - Reeds

Pontederia cordata - Pickerelweed

Polygonum - Smartweed

Sagittaria - Arrowhead

Scirpus cyperinus - Sedge bullrush

Typha latifolia - Cattails

Zizania aquatica - Wild rice

(6)        Bog

Characteristic plants:

Andromeda folifolia - Bog rosemary

Arethusa bulbosa - Swamp pink

Caldopogon pulcherlus - Grass pink

Chamaedaphne calyculata - Leatherleaf,

marsh cinquefoil

Drosera rotundifolia - Sundew plant

Eriophorum virginidum - Cottongrass

Iris versicolor - Blue flag, wild iris

Ledum groenlandicum - Labrador tea

Menyanthes trifoliata - Bogbean

Myrica gale - Sweetgale

Peltandra virginica - Snakes-mouth orchid

Rhododendron viscosum - Swamp azalea

Sarracenia purpurea - Pitcher plant

Solidago uliginosa - Bog goldenrod

Sphagnum - Sphagnum moss

Urtricularia conuta - Horned bladderword

Vaccinium macrocarpon - American cranberry

Vaccinium oxycoccus - Dwarf cranberry

(7)        Meadow

Characteristic plants:

Amelanchier canadensis - Shadbush

Apios americana - Groundnut

Lilium supurbum - Turks cap lily

Impatiens pallida - Jewelreed

Lysmachia terrestris - Swamp-candles

Lythrum calicaria - Spiked loosetrife

Sambucus canadensis - Elderberry

Spirea tomentosa - Steeplebush

(8)        Creek, stream or brook

Creeks, streams and brooks are often classified by the rate at which the water flows, a fast stream being a water flow of about two feet per second. Creeks, streams and brooks are valuable for their drainage function, the fish they contain both as a source of sport and for the other forms of life which relate to the animal and plant life dependent upon the stream.

(i)        Fast creek, stream or brook

Characteristic plants:

Fontalis - Water moss

Ulothrix - Algae

Diatoma - Diatoms

Gomphonema

Characteristic animals:

Caddisflies:

Trichoptera

Phyganea

Rhyacophila

Philopotamidae

Hydropsychidae

Hydropsyche

Pharyganeidae

Limnephilidae

Leptocerus

Leptocella

Anthrpsodes

Oecetis

Brachyecentridae

Helicopsychidae

Simulium - Blackfly

Ple coptera - Stonefly

Tipulidae - Cranefly

Neuroptera - Dobsonfly

Ephemeroptera - Mayfly

Osonychia

Percina caprodes - Log perch

Salvelinus fortinalis - Brook trout

Salmo gairdneri - Steelhead trout

Salmo trutta - Brown trout

Salmo salar - Atlantic salmon

(ii)        Slow creek, stream or brook

Characteristic plants are the same as those in a lake or pond.

Characteristic animals:

Dragon Fly:

Anisoptera

Iodonata

Water striders:

Gerridae

Hempitera

Odonata

Zygoptera - Damselflies

Orixidae - Waterboatmen

Hexagenia - Mayfly

Sphaerium - Fingernail clam

Semotilus atromaculatus - Creek chub

Ictalurus punctatus - Channel catfish

Ictalurus catus - White catfish

Ictalurus melas - Black catfish

Cyprinus carpio - Carp

Esox lucius - Northern pike

Esox americanus - Little pickerel

Esox niger - Chain pickerel

Roccus americana - White perch

Roccus saxatilis - Striped bass

(9)        Lake or pond

Characteristic plants:

Ceratophyllum demersum - Coontail

Duckweeds:

Lemna

Spirodella

Wolffia

Wolfflella

Myriophyllum - Watermillfois

Najas - Naiads

Nuphar - Cowlilies

Nymphaea - Waterlilies

Potamogeton - Pondweeds

Vallisneria spiralis - Wild celery

(10)        Spring

Characteristic plants and animals are the same as those found in a swamp, marsh, bog, meadow, creek, stream, brook, lake or pond.

(d)        Botanic environment

(1)        Primary succession community area

Characteristic plants:

Achillea millefolium - Yarrow

Anagallis areensis - Scarlet pimpernel

Anaphalis margaritacea - Pearly everlasting

Antennaria plantaginifolia - Pussy's toes

Artemisia caudata - Tall wormwood

Asclepias syriaca - Common milkweed

Asclepias tuberosa - Orange milkwood

Asparagus officinalis - Garden asparagus

Aster ericoides - Heath aster

Aster linariifolius - Stiff-leaved aster

Brassica nigra - Black mustard

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum - Ox-eye daisy

Cichorium intybus - Chicory

Cirsium arvense - Canada thistle

Cirsium discolor - Field thistle

Convolulus sepium - Wild morning glory

Coreopsis lanceolata - Coreopsis

Cytisus scoparius - Scotch broom

Datura stramonium - Jimsonwee

Daucus carota - Queen Anne's lace

Dianthus armeria - Deptford jink

Dianthus plumarius - Garden pink

Epilobium angustifolium - Fireweed

Erodium circutarium - Stork's bill

Eupatorium hyssopifolium - Hyssop-leaved boneset

Euphorbia cyparissia - Cypress spurge

Frageria virginiana - Wild strawberries

Gnaphalium obtusifolium - Sweet everlasting

Holcus lanatus - Velvetgrass

Hypericum gentianoides - Pineweed

Hypericum perforatum - Common St. Johnswort

Hypochoeris radicata - Cat's ear

Linaria canadensis - Old-field-toadflax

Linaria vulgaris - Butter-and-eggs

Lonicera japonica - Japanese honeysuckle

Lychnis alba - White campion

Matericaria matricariodes - Pineappleweed

Ooenothera biennis - Evening primrose

Opuntia humifusa - Prickly pear cactus

Oaxalis stricta - Yellow wordsorrel

Phytolacca americana - Pokeweed

Plantago lanceolata - English plantain

Polygonum persicaria - Lady's thumb

Polygonum pennsylvanicum - Pinkweed

Potentilla canadensis - Old-field cinquefoil

Potentilla recta - Sulphur cinquefoil

Rana unculus repens - Creeping buttercup

Rosa virginiana - Virginia rose

Rudebeckia hirta - Black-eyed-susan

Saponaria officinalis - Bouncing-bet

Sedum acre - Stone crop

Solanum americanum - Black nightshade

Solanum dulcamara - Bitter nightshade

Solidago nemoralis - Grey goldenrod

Solidago puberula - Purple-stemmed goldenrod

Solidago tenuifolia - Grass-leaved goldenrod

Spergularia rubra - Pink sand-spurry

Tanacetum vulgare - Tansy

Taraxicum officinale - Dandelion

Trichostemma dichotomum - Blue curls

Trifolium arvense - Rabbitfood clover

Verbascum thapsus - Mullein

Yucca fllamentosa - Yucca

(2)        Secondary succession community area

Characteristic plants of a secondary succession community area include the species found in a primary succession community area, a swamp, a meadow and the following species:

Acer rubrum - Red maple

Amelanchier canadensis - Shadbush

Amelanchier obovalis - Serviceberry

Betula lenta -Black birch

Betula lutea - Yellow birch

Betula populifolia - Gray birch

Cornus florida - Flowering dogwood

Larix laricina - American larch

Lindera benzoin - Spice bush

Picea mariana - Black spruce

Pinus rigida - Pitch pine

Pinus strobus - White pine

Prunus serotina - Black cherry

Prunus virginiana - Choke cherry

Rhus copallina - Dwarf sumac

Rhus glasbra - Smooth sumac

Rhus typhina - Staghorn sumac

Rubus spp. - Blackberries

Salix spp. - Willow

Sambucus canadensis - Elderberry

Smilax rotunoifolia - Bull brier

Tilia americana - American basswood

Vaccinium - Blueberry

(3)        Climax community area

Characteristic plants:

Acer rubru - Red maple

Acer saccharum - Sugar maple

Amelanchier obovalis - Serviceberry

Azalea spp. - Azalea

Betula lenta - Sweet birch

Betula lutea - Yellow birch

Betula pupulifolia - Grey birch

Carpinus caroliniana - Ironwood

Carya laciniosa - Shelbark hickory

Carya glasbra - Pignut hickory

Carya ovata - Shagbark hickory

Carya tomentosa - Mockernut hickory

Castanea dentata - American chestnut

Celtis occidentalis - American hackberry

Chamaecyparis thyoides - Atlantic white cedar

Cornus florida - Flowering dogwood

Diospyros virginiana - Persimmon

Fagus grandifolia - American beech

Fraxinus americana - White ash

Gaylussacia - Huckleberry

Hamamelis virginiana - Witch hazel

Ilex opaca - Holly

Juglans cinera - Butternut

Juglans nigra - Black walnut

Juniperus virginiana - Red cedar

Kalmia latifolia - Laurel

Larix laricina - Larch

Liquidamber styraciflua - Sweet gum

Liriodendron tulipifera - Tulip-tree, Yellow poplar

Nyssa sylvatica - Sour gum

Ostrya virginiana - Hop hornbean

Picea mariana - Black spruce

Pinus rigida - Pitch pine

Pinus strobus - White pine

Prunus serotina - Black cherry

Prunus virginiana - Choke cherry

Quercus prinus - Chestnut oak

Quercus alba - White oak

Quercus bicolor - Swamp oak

Quercus coccinea - Scarlet oak

Quercus pallustris - Pin oak

Quercus rubra - Red oak

Quercus velutina - Black oak

Sambucus canadensis - Elderberry

Sassafras variifolium - Sassafras

Tilia americana - American basswood, linden

Tsuga canadensis - Hemlock

Ulmus americana - American elm

Vaccinium spp. - Blueberry

(4)        Dune and heathland

Characteristic plants:

Aster undulatus - Skydrop aster

Ammophilia Breviligulata - Beachgrass

Baptisia tinctoria - Wild indigo, rattle box

Corema couradii - Broom crowberry

Comptonia peregrina - Sweetfern

Deschampaia flexuosa - Wavyhair grass

Gaylussacia baccata - Black huckleberry

Helianthum canadense - Frostweed

Hieracium venosum - Rattlesnake weed

Hudsonia ericoides - Golden beachheather

Hudsonia tomentosa - Woolly beachheather

Hyrica pennsylvanica - Bayberry

Potentilla tridentata - Three toothed cinquefoil

Rubus spp. - Blackberries, raspberries

Vaccinium angustifolium - Low sweet blueberries

(5)        Wild grassland

A wild grassland exists usually on poor soils and is composed of a mixture of native grasses, such as the following:

Dantonia spicata - Poverty oat grass

Andropogon virginicus - Broomsedge

Bromus spp. - Bromegrass